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737-800 crashes and explodes into flames at South Korean airport

edited December 2024 in Off-Topic
Excerpts from an NPR Report:
SEOUL, South Korea — A jetliner skidded off a runway, slammed into a concrete fence and burst into flames Sunday in South Korea after its landing gear apparently failed to deploy. All but two of the 181 people on board were killed in one of the country's worst aviation disasters, officials said.

The 737-800 operated by Jeju Air plane arrived from Bangkok and crashed while attempting to land in the town of Muan, about 290 kilometers (180 miles) south of Seoul.

Footage of the crash aired by South Korean television channels showed the plane skidding across the airstrip at high speed, evidently with its landing gear still closed, and slamming into a concrete wall, triggering an explosion. Other TV stations aired footage showing thick, black smoke billowing from the plane, which was engulfed in flames.

The control tower issued a warning about birds to the plane shortly before it intended to land and gave the crew permission to land in a different area, ministry officials said. The crew sent out a distress signal shortly before the crash, officials said.

Workers retrieved the jet's flight data and cockpit voice recorders, [but] it may take months for investigators to complete their probe.
This one is going to be very interesting. In my opinion there is no way that a bird-strike can disable the landing gear on a large commercial airliner. Actually, at this point we are not even certain that a bird-strike actually occurred.

There are a number of perplexing observations here: the landing speed as the plane skidded down the runway appears to have been excessive and there does not appear to have been the normal landing configuration for flaps.

If birds were ingested into one or both engine intakes however, a number of things might have occurred-

• A possible general systems power failure which somehow prevented the normal landing gear and flap configuration. However, to my knowledge this would be a very unusual situation.

• An engine malfunction which did not actually prevent the normal landing gear and flap configuration, but which distracted the pilots to the extent that they were unable to actuate the necessary landing configuration.

With both "black boxes" having been recovered, and if they are not critically damaged, they should be a source of valuable information and great help in determining the actual sequence of events on this tragedy.

Comments

  • Yes, it's dreadful. I'll be watching this one.
  • Further information from The New York Times:
    Edited excerpts from the NYTimes report:

    At 8:59 a.m., the pilot reported a “bird strike” and “emergency,” officials said. He told the air traffic control tower at Muan International Airport that he would do “a go-around,” meaning he would abort his first landing attempt and circle in the air to prepare for a second attempt. But he apparently did not have enough time to go all the way around.

    Instead, just a minute later, the veteran pilot — with nearly 7,000 flight hours in his career — was approaching the runway from the opposite direction, from north to south. And three minutes later, at 9:03 a.m., his plane, Jeju Air Flight 7C2216, slammed into a concrete structure off the southern end of the runway in a ball of flames.

    A central question has emerged among analysts: What happened during the four minutes between the pilot’s urgent report of bird strike and the plane’s fatal crash?

    Footage of the Boeing 737-800 landing at the airport showed it skidding down the runway without its landing gear deployed. As it hurtled along on its belly, engulfed by what looked like clouds of dust, smoke and sparks, it did not seem able to slow its speed before slamming into the concrete structure 820 feet after the end of the runway.

    Officials recovered the plane’s “black box,” an electronic flight recorder that contains cockpit voice and other flight data that would help the investigation of aviation accidents. The device was partially damaged, so it could take time to recover the data.
    Aviation experts have made the following observations:

    • “Why was the pilot was in such a hurry to land... did he lose both engines?”

    • “Was the decision to land in such a hurry a human error?”

    • As it landed, the pilot appeared unable to control both its engines and landing gear, depriving him of two of the plane’s three key means of slowing down: the landing gear brake and the engines’ reverse thrusts. The plane also did not appear to have activated its wing flaps, another means of cutting down speed.

    • “Engine trouble doesn’t necessarily mean landing gear trouble; the two are not necessarily related." “But in this case, both appear to have happened, forcing the plane to decide to do a belly landing in a matter of minutes.”

    • Even if the plane had lost one engine to a bird strike, the pilot still could have been able to operate a hydraulic pump to lower the landing gear with the power from the other engine.

    • If both engines were lost, the pilot could still manually lower the landing gear. But given the hurried way the pilot attempted to land, he might not have had enough time.
    The government also said it would conduct safety inspections of all Boeing 737-800 aircraft operated by the country’s airlines, after another Jeju Air Boeing 737-800 passenger jet departing from Gimpo Airport in Seoul on Monday reported a landing-gear issue after takeoff and returned to Gimpo.

    Jeju Air said that the problem was fixed while the plane was in the air after the pilot consulted with the maintenance crew on the ground. “But the pilot still wanted to return to the airport for a checkup for safety,” a Jeju Air executive, said.
  • edited December 2024
    Strange isn’t it? Doesn’t sound like the most capable operation in the cockpit and - possibly in the tower as well. I’m thinking something similar to this - where the bird strike issue may have distracted the crew from flying.

    Excerpt: ”The investigation would paint a picture of a cockpit crew so focused on a burnt-out lightbulb that they forgot to fly the airplane, letting their massive jet slowly descend from 2,000 feet until it struck the ground.”
  • @hank- At this point I'm inclined to be much more charitable. Sounds to me as if they lost all power at an altitude and configuration where they had almost no time or room to maneuver. Basically same situation as "Sully" Sullenberger when he ditched his plane in 2009, landing on the Hudson River after both engines were disabled by a bird strike.

    At the time of the strike Sully had the altitude to give him the time needed to configure the plane and find a spot to land. Yes, excellent piloting, but also a strong element of luck. What if there had been a ferryboat directly in front when he made his landing?

    I'm fairly confident that the "black boxes" will five us a much better picture when decoded.
  • edited December 2024
    Thanks OJ. sounds like you’re more up to speed on the sequence of events. I was actually going to add to my earlier comment that if they had indeed lost an engine, than a routine “go around” when landing issues surfaced might have been too risky to attempt. You can’t believe what you hear on the news, but one talking head today said the flaps weren’t deployed and they came in hot and overshot the normal touchdown spot.

    I’m wondering if a tower crew would have routinely checked for gear down? Especially since the flight was known to be having problems?

  • "one talking head today said the flaps weren’t deployed and they came in hot and overshot the normal touchdown spot."

    Yes, all of that is true as far as I'm aware. But there's a whole lot more to the context of why those things happened.
  • edited December 2024
    Apologies @Old_Joe / I hadn’t fully read your detailed second excerpt before posting. If the report is accurate , then they were dealing with a lot of late-breaking problems and were attempting to / or did attempt a go-around. Like you said, the black box should tell a lot. I’m still leaning towards a massive human screw-up here. Plenty of redundancy. Unlikely both engines were lost.

    PS - Of course the nose gear didn’t come down. Very obvious in the videos. But not a reason to overshoot & crash the plane!

    (edited / updated 10:15 PM)
  • Eerily, I was reading a long New Yorker piece from the 90’s on the crash of USAir flight 427, when the news broke about the JejuAir crash. The article is wonderful in its depiction of how a team of investigators is assembled, functions, and struggles to find a definitive cause for an accident that occurred during the final approach to the airport. Harr’s article was written before the most likely cause of that accident was discovered in around 2000. Wkipedia has good stuff on flight 427.

    https://milled.com/the-new-yorker/the-aftermath-of-a-catastrophic-plane-crash-lDv23hILReknv5em

    My own favorite writer on air disasters is William Langewische, a former pilot and fantastic writer whose narratives will put you right in the cockpit of a doomed plane. Many of his pieces have appeared in Vanity Fair, but a search on his name will lead one to his articles.

    Despite the safety record of almost all iterations of the 737, the plane has not been without flaws. One disturbing finding of Harr’s article is that the vast majority of 737 accidents prior to flight 427 took place outside the US under the control of pilots not trained in this country. I don’t know if this disparity still exists.

    Still hard for me to fathom how Boeing could have gone so wrong in its development of the 737 Max, given how much institutional memory they had to fall back on. I wouldn’t be surprised at the publication of a book-length autopsy of how an American icon fell so far so fast.
  • "Of course the nose gear didn’t come down. Very obvious in the videos. But not a reason to overshoot & crash the plane!"

    @hank- More than the nose gear. Much more. No landing gear at all- therefore no brakes. No flaps- therefore no help there. No engines to reverse thrust- no help there. Forced to land the "wrong way" because not enough altitude to completely go around- therefore a tailwind instead of a head wind down the runway- no help there. Highly likely not enough altitude (therefore time) to hand-crank down the landing gear. No way to slow the plane down while still airborne. On that particular runway landing in that direction the "beginning" of the runway is somewhat higher than the rest, therefore with no landing gear had to land just past that area.

    Every card they were dealt was a bad one.

    "Unlikely both engines were lost."- It happened to "Sully" Sullenberger in New York- why so unlikely here? That particular airport is known for very large flocks of birds posing a danger to aircraft.
  • edited December 2024
    You’re correct @Old_Joe. The various reports I can find say no gear at all. Looking at some grainy images it looks to me like the main gear is partially deployed. Perhaps not relevant, but the original 737 never had a full sized gear bay with retractable doors like other big jets. The wheels folded up on their sides but were always visible from underneath even when airborne. As far as I know, that’s still the case. Maybe that’s what I’m seeing under the wing / engine area.

    Reports say they did a go-around. Helps explain everything. I’ll tell you right now the crew simply forgot to lower the landing gear on that second landing attempt. I’ll wager 5 ounces of wine on that. (As we know, the wine may turn rancid before the official report comes out.)

    Good points on lack of braking. If the plane successfully accomplished a go-around (steep climb out and turn) at least one engine had to be operating. Interesting on the airport being bird-prone. I wasn’t aware they impact landings nearly as frequently as takeoffs at higher thrust. But, yes, you’d not welcome the critters outbound or inbound.

    "Unlikely both engines were lost."- It happened to "Sully" Sullenberger in New York- why so unlikely here? That particular airport is known for very large flocks of birds posing a danger to aircraft.

    Yes, but that was an extremely rare occurrence. 1-out is rare (on a percentage basis). 2-out is exceedingly rare. Yes, it’s possible. That’s the reason Sully is such a hero. He saved the aircraft from a “no fly” configuration (with some help from the Hudson).

    Do the math. What % of fatal crashes are due to engine outages compared to human error?

    ”More than the nose gear. Much more. No landing gear at all- therefore no brakes. No flaps- therefore no help there. No engines to reverse thrust- no help there. Forced to land the "wrong way" because not enough altitude to completely go around- therefore a tailwind instead of a head wind down the runway- no help there. Highly likely not enough altitude (therefore time) to hand-crank down the landing gear. No way to slow the plane down while still airborne. On that particular runway landing in that direction the "beginning" of the runway is somewhat higher than the rest, therefore with no landing gear had to land just past that area.”

    Thanks. Worse than I had assumed.


    Wonder why “no flaps”? That’s curious. APU?

    If the in-flight passenger video displayed on one of the networks is authentic, they were not told to “brace” before touchdown. I’m skeptical of early reports. Normally they are unreliable. In this case you’re dealing with a government that declared Marshal Law just two weeks ago and which has been in constant upheaval since. Imagine how “up-front” an appointee of Trump might be with the press in the event of some future U.S. disaster.


    image
  • A report in the Washington Post says that "witnesses on the ground saw the plane hitting a flock of birds and flames coming from the aircraft." If this report is accurate, the flames would have come from one or both engines.

    The pilot did request a "go-around". A go-around is exactly that: climbing back to a prescribed altitude, and rejoining other air traffic in the landing pattern (if any is present). In an emergency like this one the tower would have done everything possible to get any other local traffic safely out of the way.

    This plane evidently did NOT make a standard go-around: it flew over the runway, made a tight circle, and attempted to land on the same runway in the "wrong" direction.

    No professional pilot with 7000 hours would dream of such a departure from the standard procedures without a VERY good reason. Those pilots were desperate to get that plane down as quickly as they could, any way that they could, and I'll bet that there was no way that they could lower the landing gear or control the engines before they ran out of altitude.

    The Washington Post further reports that:
    "Investigators will also want to know the extent of damage birds caused to the jet. Airliners can continue flying with only one engine, but in extremely rare cases bird strikes can knock out both. “That is a crucial part of the investigation”.

    The video of the crash showed the plane sliding on its belly without landing gear down or its flaps extended, which would be expected if the pilots were preparing to land. It will be up to investigators to determine whether the controls had failed or whether the crew made errors. Even if the normal systems for controlling the landing gear were not working, the jet had manual backups accessible from the flight deck.

    Understanding the pilots’ training and actions before the crash will be key: “They landed too quickly... they didn’t have enough time to go through any checklists.”

    Obviously we don't know the critical details at this time. I would venture that among the possibilities are that bird ingestion may have caused fracture and separation of one or more rotor blades, which then caused other major damage to an engine and possibly nearby hydraulic systems. Such rotor blade failures have indeed caused this type of damage to other aircraft.

    At this time I am simply giving the pilots the benefit of the doubt. That perspective is certainly subject to investigation and revision.
  • Thanks. Your summation makes a lot of sense & is consistent with what I read in the WSJ this morning. Still, pretty sketchy information. Ever curious.
  • @hank and @Old_Joe: I’m not surprised by the seeming reticence of Korean authorities to release hard facts about the crash. I came to understand that there is a reluctance to mention negative facts about almost any situation in Korea while we lived there. I believe it stems from a sense of shame that something is inadequate or faulty, and that mentioning such phenomena reflects poorly on the whole of a very proud people and country. I specifically recall a serious train accident on the Seoul-Pusan line that I think was due to human error. In America the engineer(s) would be disciplined or worse. However, in Korea the Minister of Transportation resigned because of this issue of shame that he had to bear even though he was not in the driver’s seat of the locomotive.
  • Given the number of suspected system failures and/or protocol omissions has the possibility of an intentional crash been hinted at?
  • Not yet so far as I'm aware.
  • Following are edited excerpts from a current report in Aviation Week magazine:
    The Jeju Air aircraft was initially on approach to Muan’s Runway 01. Around 6 min. before the accident, air traffic control issued a warning about birds in the area, according to the ministry. At 8:58 a.m. local time—1 min. later—the crew declared an emergency while on final approach and opted to go around, the ministry says.

    The aircraft also stopped transmitting ADS-B data at that time. (See note below)

    Data released by Flightradar24 shows the aircraft mostly on a standard rate of descent of around 700-800 ft./min. in the final 2 min. of its approach to Runway 01 before the aircraft briefly climbed at up to 2,000 ft./min.

    A video of the aircraft approaching the airport on short final to Runway 01 shows the 737 with flaps and landing gear up. The right engine emitted smoke and flames at one point.

    The aircraft was then cleared to land on Runway 19, the same runway in the opposite direction, where it attempted to land at 9:03 a.m. local time.

    Following is an abbreviated excerpt from Wickipedia regarding ADS-B data:
    Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) is an aviation surveillance technology in which an aircraft determines its position via satellite navigation or other sensors and periodically broadcasts its position and other related data, enabling it to be tracked.

    ADS-B is "automatic" in that it requires no pilot or external input to trigger its transmissions. It is "dependent" in that it depends on data from the aircraft's navigation system to provide the transmitted data.

    There has been speculation that this incident involved pilot error in presumably failing to lower the landing gear. It's worth noting that an automatic data reporting system that did not involve pilot operation simultaneously stopped functioning. This would seem to suggest that whatever happened after the bird strike was serious enough to cripple multiple independent operating systems.

    It's also worth noting that while the incident reports use the term "birds", there are a number of avian sanctuaries adjacent to the airport that are frequently populated by ducks and geese. I would venture that the result of a goose being ingested into an aircraft engine might just be a lot more serious than if it had been a small marshbird.


  • edited January 2
    AL JAZEERA is reporting that
    Investigators probing the deadly crash of Jeju Air Flight 2216 in South Korea have retrieved the initial data from one of the aircraft’s black boxes.

    The deputy minister for civil aviation said on Wednesday that the “initial extraction” of data from the cockpit voice recorder had been completed. “Based on this preliminary data, we plan to start converting it into audio format,” he said.

    The deputy minister said the plane’s second black box, the flight data recorder, would be sent to the United States for analysis as local investigators were unable to recover the information it contained due to damage it suffered in the crash.
  • This diagram is from a report by Channel News Asia.

    image
  • Absolutely dreadful. Move the airport away from the wildlife refuge????
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